A Stranger Among Us - 811 Words

In the movie, â€Å"A stranger among us†, it is vivid that there are three ethnic groups that are represented. The first group of people is the Jewish religious people who are from the Hasidic sub group of the Jewish religion. The second group of people represented in the movie are the mobsters who detective Eden refers to them as â€Å"scumbags†. The third group of people are the citizens of Brooklyn like detective Eden herself, her father, the boyfriend and other police men. All these groups play a significant role in the movie and thus are able to show is the diversity that exists in the movie. The movie is portrayed from various perspectives and this is because of the uniqueness of the groups represented in the movie. One of the main perspectives which the movie is portrayed is through detective Eden’s perspective, who observes the lives and the culture of the Jewish community. By virtual of the lack of understanding of the Jewish culture that we are able to learn how the Jews live and also get to know more about their culture. The other perspective in which the movie is presented is through the Jews, which enables us to see the ways of life in their community, in a completely different perspective. One of the most unique feature in the film was the setting of the neighborhood. As Detective Eden drove to the neighborhood we were able to extensively see the setting of the neighborhood. Other scenes of the movie also show us the nature and setting of the place. The writing in theShow MoreRelatedA Stranger Among Us648 Words   |  3 PagesA Stranger Among Us A Stranger Among Us is a movie that displays many aspects of ethnicity, and how many different groups of people interact and adapt to each other’s difference. There is a murder and a detective named Emily Eden has to place herself into a Jewish community to help solve this murder. In the film there is several groups displayed and many different perspectives, along with an ethnic neighborhood and lots of learning about the Hasidic culture, and Detective Eden made some crucialRead MoreFilm Paper on A Stranger Among Us660 Words   |  3 PagesFilm Paper on A Stranger Among Us In the movie A Stranger Among Us there are several characters that have their lives impacted by the events in the film. One such character is Ariel. Meeting Emily Eden, the murder of his best friend, and finding out who actually had a hand in the murder all has a profound impact upon Ariel. After Ariels best friend is reported missing, the NYPD sends detective Eden to the community to help and find out why he is missing and where he is. When they firstRead MoreJoseph P. Lawrencesocrates Among Strangers 1442 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph P. Lawrence. Socrates Among Strangers. (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2015) An interesting and provocative take on the life of Socrates, Socrates Among Strangers takes the eminent Greek philosopher out of the comfort of Greece and into strangeness of the World. All throughout this modest endeavor the prevailing question of what or whom a stranger is and whether this stranger can be discerned is tackled with great enthusiasm. With an almost impeccable success we the viewers are thrustRead MoreHospitality As A Code Of Conduct1074 Words   |  5 Pagesdeeply embedded in ancient Greek culture. Hospitality was very important and seen as a code of conduct. The term used to describe the concept of Ancient Greek hospitality was xenia. Xenia is basically the generosity and courtesy shown to guests, strangers, or those far from home. Xenia consists of two rules. The first rule is from host to guest, in which the host must be hospitable to the guest and provide basic needs (food, drink, and a bath). The host also has to hold all questioning until afterRead MoreA Commu nity Of Nobodies Of The Modern World864 Words   |  4 PagesJesus is among them. As authentic disciples, we should question ourselves that where their places are in our ministry. What are locking our sight and our mind to see and reach them? Being with, converting to, working from, and serving at the margins are what Jesus did to enter deeper into human world. From divine to human, from human to stranger, and from stranger to obedient death, and from suffering to glory, Jesus became incarnate among us as both humanly divine and divinely human. He shows us theRead MoreXenophobia Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesFear is an emotional response to a perceived threat that can harm us. With fear, the body undergoes a significant amount of pressure from other induced emotions, including stress, anger, and anxiety. In these situations, the body will instigate the fight or flight response, in which the user will fight or escape from the threat. Fear surrounds us everyday and can be caused by variety of sources: from spiders to snakes and from public speaking to heights. However, there is one fear that my discussionsRead MoreNo Men Are Foreign1717 Words   |  7 Pagesforeign tell us that we should not consider anyone as foreign or strange. Humanity is the same all over the world and in harming anyone we are harming ourselves. This poem emphasizes the fact that men might belong to different races, nations, but are basically bound by a common bond i.e. they all feel pain when hurt and shed tears on the loss of someone close and wars should not break this common bondage. In destroying another country we are destroying our own Earth. The poem tells us to look uponRead MoreAnalysis Of Among Strangers By Jude Dibia1183 Words   |  5 Pagesincluding â€Å"Among Strangers†, â€Å"Growing My Hair Again† and â€Å"The Third and Final Continent† exemplify the importance of culture. â€Å"Among Strangers†, a short story written by Jude Dibia, depicts just how critical language, one of the most important aspects of culture, is to a one’s life. It tells about a Nigerian boy who lives with a family who often speaks their native languages; both of which, he is not familiar with. The narrator states My father spoke only English when he was at home with us becauseRead MoreLiving with Strangers Analysis1219 Words   |  5 PagesB. Living With Strangers In 2011 8,244,910 people were living in one of the United States’ most famous cities: New York. New York has the highest population density in the United States with over 27000 people per square mile and it is estimated that 200 languages are spoken in the city. In a city with so many people, different cultures, and languages converts may have difficulties with growing accustomed to a city full of strangers. The American novelist and essayist, Siri Hustvedt, debatesRead MoreWhy Would We Choose to Not Help During a Crisis? Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pagesare our actions just misunderstood? Barbara E Reid is a professor of New Testament studies and she wrote an article about the kindness of strangers for the periodical America Press. In the first paragraph the article explains some of the reasons we may not stop to help a stranger. â€Å"There are all kinds of good reasons for not stopping to help a stranger: I have other pressing obligations. It’s dangerous—what if the robbers are still lurking and attack me? I don’t have any professional skills

China’s One Child Policy Violates Human Rights Essay

Although there are many facets of human rights being abused and violated every day, the Chinese would mention their fight for reproductive rights as one of the first and foremost in their mind. In 1979, the Chinese government passed the One-Child Policy in an attempt to control the growth of their population. While this may have been a grand idea in theory, in reality this policy violates the human right to form a family. By limiting the amount of children a Chinese couple is allowed to produce, this policy is effectively forcing abortion, sterilization and is taking away the Chinese family’s right to make their own choices. The policy was created in 1979 and set a strong limit of one child per family. However, modern-day†¦show more content†¦The Type II residents, however, tend to live in more urbanized areas, including towns, cities and their surrounding suburbs. People with this registration tend to have higher education, and tend to be a bit wealthier than their rural counterparts. Type II residents also tend to be under more governmental control. The women living in these areas find themselves under greater pressure to abide by, and sign into the one-child certificate program. Whether this is due to proximity to governmental establishments and the resulting pressures, or due to fear is up for debate. This unfairness, however, is still a violation of human rights. If all people are equal in the eyes of the law, why are some families allowed two children while others can only have one? Arguably, the Type I families living in an agriculture based homestead need more hands around the house to help with the chores and housework. While this concern is minimally addressed in the 1.5 child amendment to the policy, it still prevents families from building up a strong support network. This policy effectively goes against one of the longest laid foundations of Chinese society. As a society that has almost always valued large families, limiting a Chinese family’s ability to bear children goes against everything their culture values. The daughters of Chinese families move in with their husband’s family. The sons, on the otherShow MoreRelatedChina’s One Child Policy Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pageshave control over population, in 1970, a policy named China’s One Child Policy was introduced. Mingliang argues that, â€Å"China, through the one-child policy, has instituted the most aggressive, comprehensive population policy in the world† (1). This policy limits all families in the Republic of China to have only one child, regardless of the sex: however, within this policy there are some exceptions. It is possible to have two children only if the first child is born with a disability, if parents workRead MoreEssay Chinas One-Child Policy1583 Words   |  7 Pagesdoesn’t have. The one-child policy has created many problems for China after it was created by the Communist party to contro l population growth; however, China is taking steps towards relaxing it, and many more people are speaking out. The one-child policy has caused many more issues than it has solved. The restrictions people must follow are causing a lot of the problems. One of the issues is that China will not relax the policy (Olesen 1). By limiting urban families to one child in a family, ChinaRead More Population Control in China Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pageswhen they are born (Steven Mosher).† This quotation shows one method how China tries to carry through its population control in a manner which is very cruel and against human rights. We, Western people, do not understand why China needs a population control and why this control has to be carried out so harshly. But why had China to control its population? From 1949 on, Mao Zedong feared war with the United States or the Soviet Union. â€Å"China’s millions [of people] were the country’s primary weaponRead MoreCultural Analysis Of China s History1341 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Analysis of China China’s history is the world’s oldest unbroken civilization dating back to at least four thousand years. Through these years, China came to develop several dynasties, with the first being the Xia Dynasty which was formed in 2000 B.C. Following the Xia Dynasty was the Qin Dynasty; main reason for this dynasty was to reform all the regions of China. The key contributing factor is in this successful event, was a Chinaman by the name of Qin Shi Huang. He was the soleRead MoreChinas One Child Policy Does More Harm Than Good Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesControl in China: One Child Policy Does More Harm Than Good Arzigul Ablet is a woman in China. She got permission from the Chinese government to become pregnant, with one exception: she had to give birth in early January 1997. Arzigul went into labor and ended up having her baby in December of 1996. Due to natures timing, the government fined her 3,000 yuan, or $362.40. This amount was equal to the amount Arzigul earned in a 6-month period (Fatkulin). The one-child policy in China cameRead MoreHuman Rights Violations in China - Should Western Companies Continue to Do Business with China?1636 Words   |  7 PagesHigh Commissioner for Human Rights (2010) claims that everyone is equally entitled to human rights without discrimination. In the western society, the principles of freedom, democracy and human rights are fundamental rights. However, the People’s Republic of China, commonly known as China, is still known as the largest human rights violator in the world. This raises the question whether or not western companies should continue doing business in China despite of the human rights violations. To findRead MoreCanada and Americas Obligations to China Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pages Chinas record of human rights violations is long and mind-boggling. Atrocities such as purging tens of millions of people during the Cultural Revolution, its infamous one-child-per-couple Population Policy, persistent oppression of Tibet a nd the bloody June 4 massacre at Tienanmen Square in 1989 have given the Chinese government a reputation of having little respect for human life. And yet, despite its tarnished record, China maintains its Most Favoured Nation trade status with the US and isRead MoreBirth Control And Abortion Should Not Be Used Widely1440 Words   |  6 Pagesdo not realize the harms of birth control pill and abortion. About this issue, Chinese one child policy always is a contentious problem. In China, there are 400 million babies were not be born after Chinese government implemented one child policy since 1982 (Mosher. 2011). Based on one child policy, the increasing of population is slow down, however in last two decades year, a lot of women who had second child were tolled to take abortion forcibly or pay an extremely expensive cost. However, theRead More Human Rights Violations of Chinas One Child Policy Essay4302 Words   |  18 Pagesto what extent government policy has violated the human rights of women in China. Government policy is important to the organization of countries. Government policies work to aid in political, economic, and social issues that can become detrimental to the function of a country. Flourishing government policies prove to be efficient and effective when implementation is deemed successful. The One Child Policy proved to be successful in reducing population size. As past policy rules have now been easedRead MoreOne Child Policy3929 Words   |  16 Pages   The one-child policy is the one-child limitation in the population control policy of the Peoples Republic of China. The Chinese government refers to it under the official translation of family planning policy. It officially restricts married, urban couples to having only one child, while allowing exemptions for several cases, including rural couples, ethnic minorities, and parents without any siblings themselves. A spokesperson of the Committee on the One-Child Policy has said that appr oximately

Mgt/420 Week 1 Role of Stakeholder Free Essays

Role of a Stakeholder Paper Janice Horton MGT/420 November 26, 2012 Thomas Ach Role of Stakeholders The stakeholder representation of excellence as obtainable challenge to include the growing requirement for organization to act in response to the requirements and prospect of more and more assorted cluster at the same time as unmoving distributes shareholder value. Countless of the ideology and the practice of superiority organization have been eager with the requirements and potential of meticulous groups that have been approved for an extended time as part of the conventional decision-making replica (Freeman, 1984). These include collections such as clientele, staff, and dealers. We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt/420 Week 1 Role of Stakeholder or any similar topic only for you Order Now The stakeholder model offers a hypothetical good reason and theoretical structure within which the excellence characteristic of associations with other, more varied, collection can be openly measured and lectured to in a holistic method. The stakeholder replica of quality can be consequently seen as basically different from replica that have come earlier than. Without a doubt, it is so different, it can be seen to symbolize an up-and-coming third age bracket of eminence that increasingly will substitute those that came former. Its focal point is motionless on excellence but the way in which superiority is lecture to be different. Three main stakeholders in Engro corporate hierarchy in Pakistan are the people who suggest and propose areas of improvement for enhancing the efficacy of quality management processes. The Board of directors plays an integral role to evaluate quality management processes throughout the life cycle of various projects while preserving and enhancing the image of the company. This resultantly improves quality in the management processes. Company employees are the stakeholders who gave candid feedback on the vision, progress, and evaluate the policies and highlight the areas of improvement. That is why a company like Engro has a policy that allows people to â€Å"Speak their Hearts out. † which allows their opinions and concerns to be heard. This tool also gives company’s many of ideas to improve upon their management style and processes. Various customers’ feedback surveys and surveys regarding knowing the voice of customers play an important role to give suggestions and opinionated ideas to add value to their systems and management processes. This brings definite value and quality in it. Another company like Agritech (Pak American Fertilizers Limited) in Pakistan arranges sessions with its major stakeholders during different times of the year. Customers, farmers, and dealers speak and help company improve upon their quality and processes. Sessions with Banks, suppliers, board of directors and employees are another toll to get 360 degree feedback on systems, quality, and processes to get ideas to build further upon them to improve management and quality in all aspects of their operations and systems of management. References Svendsen, A. (1998), The Stakeholder Strategy: Profiting from Collaborative Business Relationships, Berrett Koehler San Francisco http://www. cmqr. rmit. edu. au Wheeler, D. and M. Sillanpaa (1997). The Stakeholder Corporation. London, Pitman http://engro. com/our-businesses/engro-fertilizers-limited/ How to cite Mgt/420 Week 1 Role of Stakeholder, Essay examples

Changing Inequalities and Societal Impacts

Question: Discuss about the Changing Inequalities and Societal Impacts. Answer: Introduction: The Ashe Holding limited is a company that is equally owned by the Rosemary and Michael. The Ashe Holding Limited holds the share of the three companies that includes OAK limited, BEECH Limited and PALM Limited. In this case, Ashe Holding limited is planning to sell its stake of 85% in BEECH limited to a French company. The French company has made an offer of 120000 for purchasing its shares. The issue here is to ascertain the tax implication of sell its shares of BEECH Limited (Nolan et al. 2014). The taxation system in Ireland includes income tax; value added tax and many other types of taxes. The Tax Consolidation Act 1997 governs the capital gain tax that is payable by an individual and the companies. The rate of tax and assets on which the capital gain tax is calculated is dependent on the residential status of tax. If an individual or company is an ordinary resident of Republic of Ireland (ROI) for the tax year then the CGT is payable on the worldwide gain during that year (McQuinn and Addison-Smyth 2015). On the other hand, if an individual or the company is not a resident or an ordinary resident of Republic of Ireland (ROI) then in such case the tax implication is different. In case of foreign resident, the tax will be applied for the amount remitted to Republic of Ireland. The section 28 of the Tax Consolidation Act provides that if a gain is made on the disposal of the capital asset then Capital gain tax is chargeable. The section 532 of the TCA 1997 provides that for the purpose of capital gain the meaning of assets includes both tangible and intangible property. The section 525 of the Tax Consolidation Act 1997 states that the disposal means that sale of capital assets from disposal of an assets. The section 31 of the Tax Consolidation Act 1997 provides that CGT is charged on the gains after providing for allowable deductions (O'Connor et al. 2015). The capital gain tax is payable on disposal of shares. The capital gain on sale of shares is computed after calculating the chargeable gain. The chargeable gain on disposal of company shares is arrived at by deduction the cost of shares from the consideration that is received from the disposal of shares. It should be noted that the cost of the shares should be adjusted for the inflation before disposal of the shares (Mytton et al. 2014). The indexation is applied for shares that are purchased before 2004. In this case, the company purchased the shares prior to 2004. Hence, it can be said that the indexation will not be applied in calculating the capital gain on sale of shares. The rate of capital gain tax is 33% on sale of shares. In this case, Ashe Holding has decided to dispose 85% of the shares of Beech limited. The disposal of shares is a capital gain event as per the Tax Consolidation Act. Therefore, sale of share of the business is a capital event so capital gain tax should be calculated. The calculation is given below: Statement Showing calculation of Capital Gain Tax Particulars Amount Proceed from sale of Shares 1,020,000.00 Less: Cost of acquisition 534,000.00 Profit on sale of Shares 486,000.00 Tax Rate 33% Capital gain tax Payable 160,380.00 Table 1: Calculation of Capital Gain (Source: Created by Author) The above calculation shows that if the company sales shares of the Beech limited then the company will make a profit of 666,000.00 on sales of shares. The capital gain is computed by applying the current tax rate of 33% on the amount of shares (Gray 2015). The tax rate is applied on the profit on sale of share for calculating the capital gain tax payable. The calculation shows that the capital gain tax payable by Ashe Holding on sale of shares is 219780. Based on the above discussion it can be said that Ashe Holding limited is a resident company of Ireland. The calculation shows that the company will have to pay the capital gain tax of 219780. In Ireland, the Value Added Tax is governed by the legislation of Value Added Tax Consolidation Act 2010. The VATC Act 2010 provides that Value added tax (VAT) is required to be paid by the taxable person that are engaged in the business of supply or providing of services within republic of Ireland during the course of business. The VAT is applied for importing and supplying the goods or services from outside the European Union, the intra community acquisition, movable goods and others (Richelle et al. 2017). The discussion above shows that the VAT is payable by taxable person. The taxable person includes a person that carries on the business in the community or elsewhere. The taxable person includes both the person that are exempted from tax and farmers that pays flat rate of tax. The section 5 of the VATC Act 2010 provides that a person who is required to charge VAT is known as accountable person. Therefore, it can be said that as per the act, the taxable person is the accountable person and it includes individual, partnership, company etc. The accountable person are required to registered for VAT. The section 65 of the Value Added Tax Consolidation Act 2010 provides that a person involved in the supply of goods and services that exceeds threshold limit should register for VAT (Dukelow 2016). The section 37 of the VATC Act 2010 states that VAT is applied on the supply or receiving of goods and services. The VAT is charged on the total sum paid or payable that includes all the charges, commission, taxes etc. The section 38 of the Value Added Tax Consolidation Act 2010 provides that if the supply is between the connected person then the officer in the revenue will determine the value on which vat is chargeable (Breen et al. 2016). The value on which tax is charged is determined based on the the open market value. The open market value is determined by the referring to the amount that is reasonably expected to be paid for the goods and the services. If in the open market there is no comparable supplies then the cost price can be used as the value on which the tax is applied. The act provides that in general VAT is chargeable at the time of supply of goods and services (Christensen et al. 2013). The VAT becomes due at the time of issue of invoice or the date at which the VAT should have been issued. On the other hand if the payment is received in full or part before the date on which the VAT is normally due then in such case VAT is payable at the time of receipt of payment. The immovable property that are transferred during the course of economic activity are subject to value added tax. The section 94 of the Value Added Tax Consolidation Act 1997 provides that sale of property can be divided into two categories new property and old property. The property is classified as new or old property depending on the completion of the development (Godfrey et al. 2015). It should be noted that the VAT is chargeable for transfer of new property. It is provided that if a property is sold within five year of its completion then it is subject to VAT. This rule is known as the 5 years rule. The subsequent supply of property is also subject to VAT provided the transfer has occurred within two years of occupation, there was prior vat sales and the transaction took place between the unconnected parties. In general, the VAT is not applied for letting of property. In the act, no distinction has been made based on the period of lease. There are certain long leases that are regarded as the supply of property (Cantens et al. 2015). The landlord has an option for applying VAT in letting the property. However, it should be noted that thus option does not apply in case of letting of residential property or letting of property between the parties that are connected. If the connected party tenant is able to recover, VAT of at least 90% then the option to tax letting is available (Ball 2014). In the given case, Palm Limited has acquired a property in the year 2010 directly from a supplier for 1589000 that are inclusive of tax. The OAK Limited required storage for expansion. Therefore, it was decided to transfer the excess storage capacity from Palm Limited to Oak Limited. The owner have considered two options for transferring the property. The first is option is to transfer property as sales. The second that has been considered is the letting of property by Oak to Palm limited. The issue is to determine the tax implication for each of the above cases (Ting 2014). The Ashe Holding limited holds the majority of shares of Palm Limited and Oak Limited. Therefore, it can be said that the Palm Limited and Oak Limited are connected parties, as Ashe Holding commonly owns them. The act provides that in case of transaction between the connected parties the officer in revenue department will determine the amount on which the VAT is chargeable (Fuest et al. 2013). It should be noted that VAT is chargeable in case of property that are new. That means in case of transfer of old property the VAT is not chargeable. In this case, the Palm limited has acquired the property before 5 years from the date of transaction. Therefore, it can be said that the property transferred is an old property. Hence, in this case for the transfer of storage unit from Palm to Oak limited it can be seen that no VAT is chargeable. On the other hand, another issue that has to be evaluated is the leasing of property by the Oak limited to the Palm Limited. In general, there is VAT that is applied for leasing but the tenant can choose to apply for VAT. In this case, both the parties are connected so the option to tax on leasing does not apply. However, in the case study it is provided that Palm have recovered 100% VAT during the acquisition. Therefore, in this case if Palm Limited leases the unit then the company has the option to apply VAT on those transactions (Bozio et al. 2015). Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that the tax implication for VAT changes based on the two type of transaction. If the unit is transferred from Palm to Oak limited as a sale then the VAT is not chargeable as the property is old. If the Palm limited leases the property to Oak Limited then in such case the Palm has the option to apply Vat on the lease amount. In this case, several issues was identified during the Revenue Audit of Oak Limited. In this section of the report the issues are identified and the strategy for minimizing the penalties are also provided. In the first issue, it can be seen that the account has failed to deduct payroll taxes on bonus made to senior management. The law provides that the employer should calculate and deduct taxes at the time of making payment of wages, salary etc. This system of deduction taxes from wages and salary is known termed as Pay As You Earn (PAYE). The section 484 of the Income Tax Act 1967, further provides that if an employed person fails to make payment of income tax then the Revenue commissioner may provide notice to the employer for deducting the amount of income tax from the remuneration that is payable by the employer. In this case, the bonus that have been to senior management and they are typo rated taxpayers (Leinert et al. 2013). The PAYE compliance code provides that the PAYE taxpayer is an individual whose main source of income is taxed using the PAYE system and the non-PAYE income is taxed after reducing the tax credit and tax rate bands. The PAYE taxpayers has the option to corre ct or normalize the errors that have been made by nonpayment of taxes. In order to correct, the tax affair the taxpayer should contact the revenue officer for providing the details. The three ways that are available to the taxpayer for correcting the tax default. The first option is to declare the innocent error that have been made in computation and payment of tax (Nerudova 2015). The second option is to make the correction of the error. The third option that is available to the taxpayer is to make a qualifying disclosure. The options that are available to the taxpayer is dependent on the action or behavior that has resulted in the default of tax. The section 12 provides that the taxpayer is required to settle the underpayment irrespective of the cause of default. Therefore, in this case it is suggested that the taxes that are due on payment of bonus should be declared and immediately paid to the revenue department so that penalty is minimized. The benefit of this strategy is that the tax that were due will be declared and paid. The company will have to pay less penalties. The second issue is that the OAK limited is engaged in the business of supplying and installation of storage units. The company is charging VAT at the rate 13.5% on all invoices irrespective of the cost related to material or labor. The current Vat rate are zero rate (0%), the agricultural rate 4.8%, standard rate 23% and the low rate 13.5%. The low rate is further reduced to 9% for certain goods and services. The standard rate of 23% is applied for supply of goods and the reduced rate of 13.5% is applied for services. The 9% rate is applied for payment made for supply related to tourism sector. In this case as the company is engaged in both the selling and supplying of goods so the two third rule should be considered while making the decision related to payment of taxes (Houston 2014). The two third rule is applied when a transaction is regarded as supply of goods though the transaction appears to be a case of supply of service. The law states that if the value of goods is more than the 2/3rd of the total cost then in such case 23% should be applied and not the 13.5%. Therefore, in this case it is advised that the company should determine the cost of labor and cost of material before applying the VAT rate (McCloughan 2013). If on analysis it is found that the tax rate of 23% should have been applied then in such case the tax that is due should be immediately paid for minimizing penalties. The main benefit of the suggested strategy is to reduce the penalty. In addition to this strategy would help the company to make correct payment of tax on time (Spina 2015). The third issue is that an employee of OAK limited has worked in Germany for four months. The company has made a foreign earning deduction from the salary of the employee. The law provides that a relief from taxation can be claimed for the proportion of income earned by the individual by working for significant time in a relevant state. The relevant states includes India, Russia, Brazil, South Africa and China. In January 2013, other countries were included like Egypt, Algeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Kenya etc. In 2015, there were further countries that have been added in the list of relevant states. However, the list does not include Germany so the foreign earning deduction should not be made from the salary. Therefore, it is suggested that the wrong deduction that have been made in calculating taxable salary should be added so that the correct amount of tax can be determined. It is advised to determine the correct tax and pay the amount that is due if necessary (Morgan 2016). The fourth issue is that the company have purchased a software from Spain. The company in Spain did not charge VAT so the accountant of the company has ignored the computation of VAT. The law provides that if the company is a VAT registered company in Ireland then the company can purchase goods VAT free. This process is known as inter community acquisition. Then in such case, the company will be liable to account for VAT on acquisition. Therefore, in this case the company should not ignore the VAT. The company is required to account for VAT on acquisition. This strategy will benefit the company by reducing the penalty (O'Connor 2013). The Value Added Tax Consolidation Act states that if the VAT becomes payable but it is not paid by an accountable person. Then in such cases, simple interest rate of 0.0274% per day is charged during the period the amount has remained unpaid. The simple interest on daily basis is also applied for excess amount refunded. Various penalties are imposed on the taxpayer. If the accountable person fails to register then 4,000 is charged as penalty (Lyons and Wightman 2014). The law provides that if proper records and books are not maintained then the penalty of 4,000 is charged. In case of failure of making invoices, the amount of 4,000 is charged as penalty. The list of reason is provided below for which the penalty of 4,000 is applied, this are: quarterly statement of intra-Community supplies; non-registered person VAT invoice; obstructing or delaying the revenue officer in exercising their power of is 4,000 In the case study, there has been many instances where there has been underpayment of tax. The OAK limited has failed to deduct payroll taxes this has resulted in under payment of taxes. The company supplies and installs storage units the company applies 13.5% on all invoices (Kabatek et al. 2014). If the two third rule applies then the company will have to make payment of tax at both the rate 23% and 13.5%. In such case, there is an underpayment of tax by the company of 23% on all the material supplied. The company has wrongfully deducted an amount of foreign Earning deduction from the salary of the employee as a resulted there is a short payment of tax that have been made. The company has not accounted for VAT on acquisition this could also result in short payment of tax. Reference Ball, J., 2014.What is to be Done for Ireland?. Cambridge University Press. Bozio, A., Emmerson, C., Peichl, A. and Tetlow, G., 2015. European Public Finances and the Great Recession: France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom Compared.Fiscal Studies,36(4), pp.405-430. Breen, R., Hannan, D.F., Rottman, D.B. and Whelan, C.T., 2016.Understanding contemporary Ireland: state, class and development in the Republic of Ireland. Springer. Cantens, T., Ireland, R. and Raballand, G., 2015. Introduction: borders, informality, international trade and customs.Journal of Borderlands Studies,30(3), pp.365-380. Christensen, J., 2013. Bureaucracies, neoliberal ideas, and tax reform in New Zealand and Ireland.Governance,26(4), pp.563-584. Dukelow, F., 2016. Pushing against an open door: Reinforcing the neo-liberal policy paradigm in Ireland and the impact of EU intrusion. InThe Sovereign Debt Crisis, the EU and Welfare State Reform(pp. 69-93). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Fuest, C., Spengel, C., Finke, K., Heckemeyer, J. and Nusser, H., 2013. Profit shifting and'aggressive'tax planning by multinational firms: Issues and options for reform. Godfrey, B., Killeen, N. and Moloney, K., 2015. Data gaps and shadow banking: Profiling Special Purpose Vehicles activities in Ireland.Q3Q3, p.48. Gray, A.W., 2015. Industrial Policy in a Small Open Economy: The Case of Ireland. InEconomic Planning and Industrial Policy in the Globalizing Economy(pp. 239-256). Springer International Publishing. Houston, M., 2014. Ireland considers compulsory health insurance for all and subsidised premiums for least well off.BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online),348. Kabatek, J., Van Soest, A. and Stancanelli, E., 2014. Income taxation, labour supply and housework: a discrete choice model for French couples.Labour Economics,27, pp.30-43. Leinert, S., Daly, H., Hyde, B. and Gallachir, B.., 2013. Co-benefits? Not always: quantifying the negative effect of a CO 2-reducing car taxation policy on NO x emissions.Energy Policy,63, pp.1151-1159. Lyons, R. and Wightman, A., 2014. A Land Value Tax for Northern Ireland. McCloughan, P., 2013. Income and income tax inequalities in Irelandnew evidence and further illustration of the progressivity of the irish income tax system.Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland,43, pp.46-71. McQuinn, K. and Addison-Smyth, D., 2015.Assessing the Sustainable Nature of Housing-Related Taxation Receipts: The Case of Ireland(No. WP503). Morgan, J., 2016. Corporation tax as a problem of MNC organisational circuits: The case for unitary taxation.The British Journal of Politics and International Relations,18(2), pp.463-481. Mytton, O.T., Eyles, H. and Ogilvie, D., 2014. Evaluating the health impacts of food and beverage taxes.Current obesity reports,3(4), pp.432-439. Nerudova, D., 2015. Group Taxation under the system of common consolidated corporate tax base.Economics and Management, (14), pp.871-877. Nolan, B., Whelan, C.T., Calvert, E., Fahey, T., HEALY, D., Mulcahy, A., Maitre, B., Norris, M., ODONNELL, I.A.N. and Winston, N., 2014. chapter 15 IRELAND: INEQUALITY AND ITS IMPACTS IN BOOM AND BUST.Changing Inequalities and Societal Impacts in Rich Countries: Thirty Countries' Experiences, p.346. O'Connor, B., 2013. The structure of Irelands tax system and options for growth enhancing reform.The Economic and Social Review,44(4, Winter), pp.511-540. O'Connor, B., Hynes, T., Haugh, D. and Lenain, P., 2015. Searching for the inclusive tax grail: THE DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT OF GROWTH ENHANCING TAX REFORM IN IRELAND.OECD Economic Department Working Papers, (1270), p.0_1. Richelle, I., Prats, A.G., Haslehner, W. and Pistone, P., 2017. Opinion Statement ECJ-TF 2/2016 on the Decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union of 13 July 2016 in Brisal and KBC Finance Ireland (Case C-18/15), on the Admissibility of Gross Withholding Tax of Interest.European Taxation,2017, pp.30-34. Spina, J., 2015. Survey on International Taxation.Browser Download This Paper. Ting, A., 2014. Old Wine in a New Bottle: Ireland's Revised Definition of Corporate Residence and the War on BEPS.

Spiritual Development Essays - Morality, Human Behavior, Laziness

Spiritual Development To get to spiritual growth that one must follow steps to go by Love, discipline, Responsibility problem and pain. Spiritual growth is not achieved easily. A person must, learn to love, love him self, and to love to achieve love. Discipline without it he has no responsibility. To achieve discipline one has to have love. Parents whom do not desire so to love and their children will result in the children growing up without the knowledge of discipline or responsibility. When one grows up with out love, responsibility, and discipline you became lazy. The greatest sin humans can commit is laziness when he is lazy he cannot achieve spiritual growth. One can achieve this when he is with god. Then he has over come mental illness. Being one with God means learning how to discipline his self so he will no be lazy to work toward responsibility. When he has solved his own problems on and loved on his own then the he has his goal of the mean his life. The feeling of being valuable is essential to mental health and is a corner stone of self-discipline. If one feels valuable then is no way for person sprit to be broken true discipline. I highly suggest this boot be recommend to trouble teens and when need love, and spiritual growth. Spiritual Development Essays - Morality, Human Behavior, Laziness Spiritual Development To get to spiritual growth that one must follow steps to go by Love, discipline, Responsibility problem and pain. Spiritual growth is not achieved easily. A person must, learn to love, love him self, and to love to achieve love. Discipline without it he has no responsibility. To achieve discipline one has to have love. Parents whom do not desire so to love and their children will result in the children growing up without the knowledge of discipline or responsibility. When one grows up with out love, responsibility, and discipline you became lazy. The greatest sin humans can commit is laziness when he is lazy he cannot achieve spiritual growth. One can achieve this when he is with god. Then he has over come mental illness. Being one with God means learning how to discipline his self so he will no be lazy to work toward responsibility. When he has solved his own problems on and loved on his own then the he has his goal of the mean his life. The feeling of being valuable is essential to mental health and is a corner stone of self-discipline. If one feels valuable then is no way for person sprit to be broken true discipline. I highly suggest this boot be recommend to trouble teens and when need love, and spiritual growth.

Score College Credit Guide for the AP Physics 1 Exam

Score College Credit Guide for the AP Physics 1 Exam The AP Physics 1 exam (non-calculus) covers Newtonian mechanics (including rotational movement); work, energy and power; mechanical waves and sound; and simple circuits. For many colleges, the Physics 1 exam does not cover the same depth of material as a college physics course, so youll find that many of the more selective schools will not accept a high Physics I exam score for college credit. If at all possible, students serious about the sciences and engineering should try to take the calculus-based AP Physics C exam. About the AP Physics 1 Course and Exam Physics I is an introductory-level physics course grounded in algebra, not calculus. Students in the course explore a range of topics in Newtonian physics organized into 10 content areas: Kinematics. Students study forces and how interactions between systems can change those systems.  Ã‚  Dynamics. Students examine how the properties of a system determine how the system will behave.  Circular Motion and Gravitation. Students learn about gravitational forces and use Newtons third law to predict the behavior of systems.Energy. Students study the relationship between forces on a system and kinetic energy, and they learn how to calculate the total energy of a system. They also study the transfer of energy.Momentum. Students learn about the ways in which a force on a system can change the momentum of an object. This content area also covers the conservation of momentum.Simple Harmonic Motion. Students examine the conservation of energy, and the behavior of oscillating systems.Torque and Rotational Motion. Students learn how a force on an object can create torque and change the objects angular momentum.  Electric Charge and Electric Force. This content area examines h ow a charge on an object can affect its interaction with other objects. Students study long-range and contact forces. DC Circuits. In studying direct current circuits, students examine how the energy and electric charge of a system is conserved.Mechanical Waves and Sound. Students learn that a wave is a traveling disturbance that transfers energy and momentum, and they study concepts such as amplitude, frequency, wavelength, speed, and energy.   AP Physics 1 Score Information AP Physics 1 exam is the most popular of the four AP Physics exams (it has three times more test-takers than the AP Physics C Mechanics exam). In 2018, 170,653 students took the AP Physics 1 exam, and they earned a mean score of 2.36. Note that this is by far the lowest mean score of all AP exams- in general, students who take the AP Physics 1 exam are less prepared than those who take any other AP subject. Since most colleges who do allow credit for the exam require a score of a 4 or 5, only  about 21% of all test takers are likely to earn college credit. Be sure to consider this low success rate before deciding to take AP Physics 1 in high school.  Ã‚   The distribution of scores for the AP Physics 1  exam is as follows: AP Physics 1 Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 9,727 5.7 4 26,049 15.3 3 33,478 19.6 2 48,804 28.6 1 52,595 30.8 The College Board has released preliminary score percentages for the 2019 AP Physics 1 exam. Realize that these numbers may change slightly as late exams get added to the calculations. Preliminary 2019 AP Physics 1 Score Data Score Percentage of Students 5 6.2 4 17.8 3 20.6 2 29.3 1 26.1 Course Credit and Placement for AP Physics I The table  below presents some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general overview of the scoring and placement practices related to the AP Physics 1 exam. For other schools, youll need to search the college website or contact the appropriate Registrars office to get AP placement information. Sample AP Physics 1  Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Georgia Tech 4 or 5 3 hours of credit for PHYS2XXX; the Physics C (calculus-based) exam is required to earn credit for PHYS2211 and PHYS2212 Grinnell College 4 or 5 4 semester credits of science; will not count towards the major and does not satisfy any prerequisites LSU 3, 4 or 5 Students need to take the Physics C exams to earn course credit MIT - no credit or placement for the AP Physics 1 exam Michigan State University 4 or 5 PYS 231 (3 credits Mississippi State University 3, 4 or 5 PH 1113 (3 credits) Notre Dame 5 Physics 10091 (equivalent to PHYS10111) Reed College - no credit or placement for the Physics 1 or 2 exams Stanford University 4 or 5 Students must score a 4 or 5 on BOTH the Physics 1 and Physics 2 exams to earn course credit Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 PHYS 185 College Physics I UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 8 credits and PHYSICS General Yale University - no credit or placement for the Physics 1 exam A Final Word About AP Physics 1 Its helpful to keep in mind that college placement isnt the only reason to take the Physics 1 exam. Selective colleges and universities typically rank an applicants academic record  as the most important factor in the admissions process. Extracurricular activities and essays matter, but good grades in challenging college preparatory classes matter more. The reality is that success  in challenging courses is the best predictor preparedness available to the admissions officers. Doing well in a course such as AP Physics 1 serves this purpose well, as do other AP, IB, and Honors classes.   To learn more specific information about the AP Physics 1  exam, be sure to visit the  official College Board website.

Factors that possibly affect first year performance in college Essay

Factors that possibly affect first year performance in college - Essay Example For this study, the dependent variable was â€Å"First Year Performance† which was measured by taking the average of the grades received by the student from the courses he was taking. Independent variables were region of origin, age, and gender. Region of origin referred to the student’s place of study, and took the values of EU, OS, and UK. Age was divided into two values: regular (below 21 years old as of 1st September at the year of intake) and mature (below 21 years old as of 1st September at the year of intake). Gender took the values of Male and Female. In order to find if there were any regional effects on first year performance, Analysis of Variance was used. Analysis of variance tests for mean differences among a sample of three or more groups. To find if either age or gender had effects on first year performance, differences of the means of two groups were investigated using t test. Relationships between the variables which, incidentally, contained categorica l variables, were investigated using cross tabulation techniques and the chi square test. First year performance in college is a crucial measure because it says a lot regarding the initial progress of a student. In summary, age, gender, and region did not have significant effects on the overall first year performance of students. However, these factors did have certain effects on selected course units. Also according to the research findings regular students tended to come from OS more than from UK or EU.... Presentation and Discussion of Results Descriptive Statistics Table 1 shows a summary of the frequency and percentage distribution of a total of 238 respondents for this study. The figures show that 53. 8% were from OS (n = 128), 36.1% were from UK (n = 86), and 10.1% were from EU (n = 24). When grouped according to age, 87.4% were regular students (n = 208), while 12.6% were mature students (n = 30). When grouped according gender, 46.2% were male (n = 110) and 53.8% were female (n = 128). Figures from Table 2 indicate that the students had a mean average grade of 56.6 (SD = 12.2). Students had the highest mean grades in BMAN10001 (10) – Economic Principles: Microeconomics (Mean = 69.7, SD = 15.4) while lowest mean grades were in BMAN10621 (M) (10) – Fundamentals of Financial Reporting (Mean = 45.9, SD = 20). Effects of Age T test results showing effects of age on first year performance are summarized in Table 3. No significant effect of age was found in the average sco res of students, t(38) = .43, n. s. However, age was a significant factor in unit courses such as BMAN10801 (10) – Introduction to Work Psychology and BMAN10812 (10) – The Modern Corporation, t(36) = 2.06, p = .05, and t(191) = 3.27, p < .01, respectively. In both cases, Regular students scored higher (Mean = 56.4, SD = 11.9 and Mean = 57.4, SD = 12.1) than Mature students (Mean = 51.1, SD = 13.37 and Mean = 47.8, SD = 21.1). No other significant differences were found. Effects of Gender T test results showing effects of gender on first year performance are summarized in Table 4. No significant effect of gender was found in the average scores of students, t(231) = .70, n. s. However, gender was a significant factor in

Take Home Final Exam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Take Home Final Exam - Research Paper Example The limits of closeness are defined in one’s life through the relationships that were established. According to Marshall (2003), â€Å"a relationship is the mutual sharing of life between two or more persons† (p. 163). In explaining the nature of relationships, Marshall (2003) actually begun explaining the concept of mutuality, as a crucial facet in defining explicit contribution of knowledge, skills, or abilities to the interaction. One strongly believes that the aspect of mutuality and the class or category of the relationship would define the extent of closeness or intimacy that is applied. For instance, the classes of relationships, as discussed by Marshall (2003) distinguished between instrumental or cooperative, versus social or consummatory (p. 167). Likewise, the characteristics of relationships clearly included aspects of intimacy or closeness; and scope or extent (Marshall, 2003, p. 167). One is convinced that in social or consummatory relationships, there are more opportunities to establish greater intimacy and closeness. Interpersonal relationships that have been effectively established in one’s life include relationships with family members (parents and siblings), peers (friends and acquaintances), special loved ones (third parties who one developed close or intimate relationships with during one’s life span), and colleagues in the work setting. Within these relationships, one could assert leadership skills and related specifically defined limits of closeness, depending on the role in the relationship that is assumed. For instance, within the family circle, one could assume the role of an eldest sibling and therefore evidentenly assume a legitimate power by virtue of one’s position of birth. As such, one could exemplify leadership role as an authority in delegating tasks or in providing guidance and direction to the next siblings. Likewise, the limits of closeness in this type of social relationship is extended on ly insofar as familial bonds are established. Thus, as a sibling and a child to one’s parents, it is expected that there is a comfortable level of closeness where private information are assumed to be known and exchanged only within the members of the nuclear family. At the same token, despite sharing similar information regarding family matters or relevant issues concerning each family member, each member also expects a level of privacy and confidentiality that is still maintained. Thus, although a certain level of closeness and intimacy is a given fact within the family circle, there is still a limit to the closeness in terms of matters pertaining each of the member’s personal life. The role of relationships within the work setting is more challenging in terms of establishing and defining limits of closeness or intimacy. This concept was clearly explained by Marshall (2003) when he asserted that â€Å"leaders are therefore generally advised not to have personal frie nds among their congregation, because such friendships cause problems† (p. 173). Leaders or managers at work are expected to delineate their role as a superior to that of being a personal friend, for instance, to one or two of office colleagues. Any preferential attention or affectionate behavior manifested by the leader to a subordinate could be construed as an action of favoritism and is therefore a violation of the policy of avoiding conflicts of interests. Thus, there should be a limit to the closeness that is exhibited within a work environment to abide by the standards of professionalism, as well as conform to ethical, moral and legal standards. It was therefore appreciated from Marshall’s (2003) affirmation that â€Å"the question of intimacy in personal relationships can be something of a

Tales of a Childhood Pyromaniac Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tales of a Childhood Pyromaniac - Essay Example . My grandmother was a careful lady. As far as I know she had never been in a traffic accident, gone through a divorce, or suffered from identity theft. She was just as careful when we were burning leaves. She would make me wait until the wind was absolutely still. I would sit by the pile watching the weather and waiting for the calm of late afternoon. When the wind would stop I'd go get my grandmother and she would always ask, "Is it as still as a sinner in church". She would get her old silver lighter and head out to the backyard. Grandma always let me light the first leaves. She would break out an antique Zippo lighter and hand it to me. I would struggle with it as I lit one corner of the pile. The sparks would fly like fireworks, the wick would ignite, and the leaves would succumb to the flames. Lighter fluid would seep from the lighter and leave my hands smelling like a used car part. With the scent of the fluid filling my head I would hand the lighter back to my grandmother and she would finish lighting the pile. The flames roared as my grandmother made sure I kept a safe distance. Even from afar, the heat would embrace my young face. I would imagine that the fire was a distant sun and I was a distant planet. Here, in my own world, I could find the warmth and comfort of a familiar face and a familiar place.

Appropriate Future Strategy For A Given Organization Commerce Essay

Appropriate Future Strategy For A Given Organization Commerce Essay One of the first things that you will need to do when you start up a new business is to create your business strategy. The strategy that you decide up will be incredibly important for the future of your business since it will influence many of your future decisions and shape the nature of your university business. It is, therefore, its essential to take the time to make sure that you choose the right strategy for you and your new business. Making the right choice now will affect the chances of your university business becoming a success. When you choose your business strategy, you will need to make sure that it is one with which you will feel comfortable, but you will also need to ensure that your strategy is compatible with the type of business you want to run and the industry in which you will be working. You need to choose the strategy that will be right for your particular business. Your business strategy will be the overall strategy that you use to shape and run your business. It may incorporate a number of smaller missions, plans or goals that set out what you want to achieve with your business. These may relate to your business focus, the differentiation of your business from its competitors, or the other factors that will determine what makes your business a success. A pioneer business is one that is creating a new product, or developing something new, and, which is therefore based upon innovation. If you want to follow this type of strategy, then you will need to continue creating new products and offering new services in Leeds University, so you will need to make sure that you have the necessary resources for this kind of innovation. If your business strategy will be to set up a business as a follower rather than a pioneer, you will be entering into a field that has already been established by other businesses. This will offer certain advantages since you will be able to exploit services which have already been created and proven successful. However, it will mean that you will need to be ready to take on the competition. In order to increase your chances of success as you enter an established market as a follower, you may want to focus your business strategy on a particular niche. You can choose to offer a broad range of products or services, although this will open you up to a large number of different competitors and it is likely to require more resources. Alternatively, you can focus on a particular, specialized niche or area of business, such as the sale of a particular service. Another important consideration when you are choosing your business strategy is the type of market which you would like to target. The types of products and services that you want to offer and the customers you will need to appeal to may vary a great deal in value, from high end to low end products. You should decide which end of the market you want to target, taking into consideration your skills, experience and resources as well as the characteristics of each type of market. In order to make the right choice of business strategy, you will need to consider a number of different factors, such as the resources that you have available, the opportunities that are available in the market and the types of skills and experience that you are able to take advantage of, both in yourself and in your employees. When you are choosing your business strategy, you should consider the future of your business as well as your current resources and situation. You may want to think about the long-term potential of your business strategy and how it may develop and change as your business grows. Your business strategy can change over time, but it is still important to ensure that you choose the right strategy for the present, in order to ensure that you achieve the success you need now before you can think about growth and expansion into new areas of the market. 4.1 Compare the Roles and responsibilities for strategy implementation? Task: Evaluate the function and the day-to-day job for plan execution of Leeds University. The key to a successful execution is alignment. Strategy, people, and day to day work processes need to be effectively linked. The strategic plan must be understood by the entire organization, the right people need to be in the right jobs to allow for maximum work performance, and action plans must be developed, implemented, and reviewed. A common issue is that individuals within the various departments in an organization may view the goals and objectives of the company very differently. Where a communication vacuum exists, Sales, Manufacturing and Finance may view a singular priority very differently. This miscommunication between functional silos can be very counterproductive. To effectively align strategy, people, and the tactical action plans that lead to a successful execution, a lot of hard work and diligent communication must happen. We cannot communicate too much guiding an entire organization to the same place takes consistent repetition for the message to stick permanently in the minds and hearts of employees. Another critical point is that plan execution is a process, not a specific step. There is no discrete beginning or end. Markets and competitors are ever-changing. Although the broad strategy and direction should not waver, what things get done, and in what order, will evolve due to changing conditions in the world around us. Then we evaluate and adapt and to gain traction and ground on the competition. As the world changes, communication, once again, is very important to minimize any confusion within the ranks. The bottom line is that effective execution is difficult. There are formidable roadblocks, hurtles, and changing dynamics that get in the way and can injure the implementation of a good strategy. But well run businesses do this all the time, although there is no singular process to manage the execution of a business plan, there are basic processes and fundamentals to be followed. 1) Once the broad Mission, Vision and strategy for the organization has been established, focusing on its core competencies, specific quantifiable goals to support the strategy must be formulated. 2) The organization must be evaluated. Do you have the right people with the right skills in the right jobs? Should human resources be reallocated? Do you have the right number of employees in the appropriate departments? 3) Identify the key initiatives and broad actions that must be accomplished to achieve this strategy. Identify the transitional issues, or the gaps, between where you are today and where you plan to be. Push the initiatives throughout the organization. They must be consistently understood in all functional departments. Every employee needs to understand their individual role in accomplishing some aspect of the plan. 4) Develop a budget to support the plan. This may be an iterative process until the right combination of strategy, tactics, and financial prudence is achieved. 5) Communicate! Get the message out to the entire organization. Develop compensation and reward systems to support the future Vision of the organization. Create decision filters that help guide the organization through a thought process for those times when the organization wrestles with a concept that may stray from its strategy. 6) Establish a review process. As the markets, customers, competitors, government regulations, economy, etc. evolve, some priorities, and possibly some goals, may change. Go back to the beginning, review each step, and determine if further changes are necessary. 4.2 Evaluate resource requirements to implement a new strategy for a given organization? Task: Assess what type of resource requirements are needed to implement a new strategy for the Leeds For Leeds University which have a plan in place, wasting time and energy on the planning process and then not implementing the plan is very discouraging.   Although the topic of implementation may not be the most exciting thing to talk about, its a fundamental business practice thats critical for any strategy to take hold. The strategic plan addresses the what and why of activities, but implementation addresses the who, where, when, and how. The fact is that both are critical to success. In fact, companies can gain competitive advantage through implementation if done effectively.   In the following sections, you discover how to get support for your complete implementation plan. All components must be in place in order to move from creating the plan to activating the plan. People The first stage of implementing your plan is to make sure to have the right people on board. The right people include those folks with required competencies and skills that are needed to support the plan. In the months following the planning process, expand employee skills through training, recruitment, or new hires to include new competencies required by the strategic plan. Resources You need to have sufficient funds and enough time to support implementation.   Often, true costs are underestimated or not identified. True costs can include a realistic time commitment from staff to achieve a goal, a clear identification of expenses associated with a tactic, or unexpected cost overruns by a vendor. Additionally, employees must have enough time to implement what may be additional activities that they arent currently performing. Structure Set your structure of management and appropriate lines of authority, and have clear, open lines of communication with your employees. A plan owner and regular strategy meetings are the two easiest ways to put a structure in place. Meetings to review the progress should be scheduled monthly or quarterly, depending on the level of activity and time frame of the plan. Systems Both management and technology systems help track the progress of the plan and make it faster to adapt to changes. As part of the system, build milestones into the plan that must be achieved within a specific time frame. A scorecard is one tool used by many organizations that incorporates progress tracking and milestones. Culture Create an environment that connects employees to the organizations mission and that makes them feel comfortable. To reinforce the importance of focusing on strategy and vision, reward success. Develop some creative positive and negative consequences for achieving or not achieving the strategy.   The rewards may be big or small, as long as they lift the strategy above the day-to-day so people make it a priority. 4.3 Discuss targets and timescales for achievement in a given organization to monitor a given strategy? Task: Discuss the targets and timescale needed for the University of Leeds to achieve its vision of securing a place in the top 50 universities of the World by implementing the above strategy. A key strategic objective for the University of Leeds is to secure a place among the top 50 universities in the world by 2015. To achieve this, the University will have to develope a number of initiatives to support the further development of core activities such as research, learning, teaching and knowledge transfer. Supporting each of these core activities are university staff and resource, whose further development is critical to enabling the Universitys primary objective can be achieved effectively. According to Leeds university official website, The University has engaged in a wave of modern expansion since 2008, and has invested more than  £300  million in transforming its campus over the coming years, resulting in new state-of-the-art educational, research, residential and leisure facilities with a further  £80  million being spent to improve current assets. The programme of this expansion being one of the biggest capital investment projects in British higher education. Its overarching vision is to provide staff and students with a world-class campus which is integral to the universitys ambition and vision of securing a place among the worlds top 50 universities The University of Leeds, having selected Jadu Content Management following an extensive formal tendering process, are currently implementing enterprise web content management across the Universitys faculties. The Jadu CMS system, which has been integrated with the Universitys LUMINIS student portal system and Google Search Appliance (GSA), will form the basis of all online publishing at the University over the next 10 years. Scenario: A manager might want to speed up the process of team development to the performing stage. Given the uncertainties and conflict of the storming stage, it might also seem apparent that team spirit and solidarity should be developed as soon as possible. So how do you build a team? Question 5: (Covers some elements of assessment criteria 4.1 and getting merit M2)) Read the following statements and decide to which category they belong (forming, storming, norming, performing, doming and justify your answer with reasons. -Two of the group arguing as to whose idea is best. Storming Storming is characterized by competition and conflict within the team as members learn to bend and mold their feelings, ideas, attitudes, and beliefs to suit the team organization. Although conflicts may or may not surface as group issues, they do exist. Questions about who is responsible for what, what the rules are, what the reward system is, and what the evaluation criteria are arising. These questions reflect conflicts over leadership, structure, power, and authority. Because of the discomfort generated during this stage, some members may remain completely silent, while others attempt to dominate. Members have an increased desire for structural clarification and commitment. In order to progress to the next stage, team members must move from a testing-and-proving mentality to a problem-solving mentality. Listening is the most helpful action team members and the team leader can take to resolve these issues. -Progress becomes static performing The performing stage is not reached by all teams. Those teams that do reach this stage not only enjoy team members who work independently but also support those who can come back together and work interdependently to solve problems. A team is at its most productive during this stage. Team members are both highly task-oriented and highly people-oriented during this stage. The team is unified: Team identity is complete, team morale is high, and team loyalty is intense. The task function becomes genuine problem solving, leading to optimal solutions and optimum team development. There is support for experimentation in solving problems, and an emphasis on achievement. The overall goal is productivity through problem solving and work -Desired outputs being achieved. Norming When the team moves into the norming stage, they are beginning to work more effectively as a team. They are no longer focused on their individual goals, but rather are focused on developing a way of working together (processes and procedures). They respect each others opinions and value their differences. They begin to see the value in those differences on the team. Working together as a team seems more natural. In this stage, the team has agreed on their team rules for working together, how they will share information and resolve team conflict, and what tools and processes they will use to get the job done. The team members begin to trust each other and actively seek each other out for assistance and input. Rather than compete against each other, they are now helping each other to work toward a common goal. The team members also start to make significant progress on the project as they begin working together more effectively. -Shy member of group not participating. Forming The forming stage takes place when the team first meets each other. In this first meeting, team members are introduced to each. They share information about their backgrounds, interests and experience and form first impressions of each other. They learn about the project they will be working on, discuss the projects objectives/goals and start to think about what role they will play on the project team. They are not yet working on the project. They are, effectively, feeling each other out and finding their way around how they might work together. During this initial stage of team growth, it is important for the team leader to be very clear about team goals and provide clear direction regarding the project. The team leader should ensure that all of the members are involved in determining team roles and responsibilities and should work with the team to help them establish how they will work together (team norms.) The team is dependent on the team leader to guide them. -Activities being allocated. Forming During the forming stage, team members not only get to know each other but also familiarize themselves with their task and with other individuals interested in the project, such as supervisors. At the end of the forming stage, team members should know the following: The projects overall mission The main phases of the mission The resources at their disposal A rough project schedule Each members project responsibilities A basic set of team rules Scenario: The Griswold cutlery Company is an old established firm, selling high quality stainless steel cutlery to markets in the UK, France and Germany. It is based in Sheffield. The managing director, Mr. Paul Griswold, great grandson of the firms founder, has just taken over from his father, Matthew Griswold. Matthew Griswold was a manager of the old school. As the boss, he liked to exert power and employees were afraid to disagree with him. He encouraged strict conformance to company procedures: rules are rules, they are there to be followed, and I dont like changing them. Question: 6 (Covers some elements of assessment criteria 4.2 and getting merit D1)) Paul Griswold wants to introduce MBO. Do you think this will be an easy task? Justify your answer with reasons. I will give my opinion at the end of the answers but first the Definition of MBO: MBO is one of the rational school of managements successful products.                                                                                                       The Economist Management by objectives (MBO) is a systematic and organized approach that allows management to focus on achievable goals and to attain the best possible results from available resources. It aims to increase organizational performance by aligning goals and subordinate objectives throughout the organization. Ideally, employees get strong input to identify their objectives, time lines for completion, etc. MBO includes ongoing tracking and feedback in the process to reach objectives. Management by Objectives (MBO) was first outlined by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book The Practice of Management. In the 90s, Peter Drucker himself decreased the significance of this organization management method, when he said: Its just another tool. It is not the great cure for management inefficiency. Features of MBO: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Management by Objectives is a philosophy or a system, and not merely technique. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  It emphasizes participative goal setting. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  It clearly defines each individual responsibility in terms of results. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  If focuses attention on what must be accomplished (goals0 rather than on how it is to be accomplished. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  It converts objective needs into personal goals at every level in the organization. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  It establishes standards or yardsticks (goals) as operation guides and also as basis of performance evaluation. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a system intentionally directed toward effective and efficient attainment of organizational and personal goals. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  MBO process (or management by Objective cycle or key elements of management by Objectives or minimum requirements     of        management by objectives. Steps in MBO: What are the steps involved in the process of MBO? The basic steps that are common in all the processes of management by objective (MBO) are:- 1. Central goal setting: defining and verifying organizational objectives is the first step in MBO process. Generally these objectives are set by central management of the organization but it does so after consulting other managers. Before setting of these objectives, an extensive assessment of the available resources is made by the central management. It also conducts market service and research along with making a forecast. Through this elaborate analysis, the desired long run and short run objectives of the organization are highlighted. The central management tries to make these objectives realistic and specific. After setting these goals it is the responsibility of the management that these are known to all members and are also under stood by them. 2. Development and individual goal setting: After organization objectives are established by the central management, the next step is to establish the department goals. The top management needs to discuss these objectives with the heads of the departments so that mutually agreed upon objectives are established. Long range and short range goals are set by each department in consultation with the top management. After the department goals are established, the employees work with their managers to establish their own individual goals which relate with the organization goals. These participative goals are very important because it has been seen that employees become highly motivated to achieve the objectives established by them. These objectives for individuals should be specific and short range. These should indicate the capability of the unit of the individual. Through this process all the members of the organization become involved in the process of goal setting. 3. Revision of job description: In the process of MBO resetting individual goals involves a revision of job description of different positions in the organization which in turn requires the revision of the entire structure of the organization. The organization manuals and charts may also have to be modified to portray the changes that have been introduced by the process of MBO. The job description has to define the objectives, authority and responsibility of different jobs. The connection of one job with all other jobs of the organization also needs to be established clearly. 4. Matching goals: The establishment of objectives cannot be fruitful unless the resources and means required to achieve these objectives are provided. Therefore the subordinates should be provided required tools and materials which enable them to achieve the objectives efficiently and effectively. Resource requirements can be measured precisely if the goals are set precisely. This makes the process of resource allocation relatively easy. Resource allocation should be made after consulting the subordinates. 5. Freedom implementation: The task team of manager and his subordinates should be given freedom in deciding the way to utilize their resources and the way to achieve their objectives. There should be very little or no interference by the seniors as long as the team is working within the framework of organization policies. 6. Establishing check points: The process of MBO requires regularly meetings between the managers and their subordinates to discuss the progress achieve in the accomplishment of the objective established for the subordinates. For this purpose the mangers need to establish the standards of performance or check points to evaluate the progress of their subordinates. These standards need to be specified as for as possible quantitatively and it should also be ensured that these are completely understood by the subordinates. This practices needs to be followed by all managers and these should lead to an analysis of key results has the targets are represented in terms of the results. The analysis of key results should be recorded in writing and it generally contains information regarding : (I) the overall objectives related with the job of subordinates. (ii) The key results which must be achieved by the subordinate to fulfil his objectives. (iii) The long term and short term priorities, a subordinate needs to adhere to. (iv.) The extent and scope of assistance expected by a subordinate from his superior and other departmental managers and also the assistance, the subordinates is required to extend to other departments of his organizations. (v.) Nature of information and the reports receive by the subordinate to carry out self evaluation. (vi.) The standards use to evaluate the performance of the subordinate. 7. Performance appraisal: An informal performance appraisal is generally conducted in routine by the manager; a periodic review of performance of the subordinates should also be conducted. Periodic reviews are required as the priorities and conditions change constantly and need to be monitored constantly. These reviews help the mangers as well as the subordinates to modify the objectives or the methods whenever require. This significantly increases the chances of achieving the goals and also ensures that no surprises are found at the time of final appraisal. Periodic performance appraisal needs to be based on measurable and fair standards so that these are completely understood by the subordinates and there are also aware of the degree of performance required at each step. 8. Counselling: Periodic performance review helps the subordinates in improving his future performance. Advantages of MBO: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MBO programs continually emphasize what should be done in an organization to achieve organizational goals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MBO process secures employee commitment to attaining organizational goals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Motivation Involving employees in the whole process of goal setting and increasing employee empowerment increases employee job satisfaction and commitment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Better communication and Coordination Frequent reviews and interactions between superiors and subordinates helps to maintain harmonious relationships within the enterprise and also solve many problems faced during the period. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clarity of goals With MBO, came the concept of SMART goals i.e. goals that are: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Specific 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Measurable 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Achievable 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relevant, and 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time bound. The goals thus set are clear, motivating and there is a linkage between organizational goals and performance targets of the employees. Disadvantages of MBO: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It over-emphasizes the setting of goals over the working of a plan as a driver of outcomes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It underemphasizes the importance of the environment or context in which the goals are set. That context includes everything from the availability and quality of resources, to relative buy-in by leadership and stake-holders à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Companies evaluated their employees by comparing them with the ideal employee. Trait appraisal only looks at what employees should be, not at what they should do. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It did not address the importance of successfully responding to obstacles and constraints as essential to reaching a goal. Conclusion: The use of MBO needs to be carefully aligned with the culture of the organization. While MBO is not as fashionable as it was before the empowerment fad, it still has its place in management today. Because in mbo the objectives are discussed and agreed, based upon a more strategic picture being available to employees. Engagement of employees in the objective setting process is seen as a strategic advantage by many. So in my opinion its very different process from how The Griswold cutlery Company used to be managed and I dont think I will be an easy task, but if achieved it will be very rewarding Scenario: Hall Faull Downes Ltd has been in business for 25 years, during which time profits have risen by an average of 3% per annum, although there have been peaks and troughs in profitability due to the ups and downs of trade in the customers industry. The increase in profits until five years ago was the result of increasing sales in a buoyant market, but more recently, the total market has become somewhat smaller and Hall Faull Downes has only increased sales and profits as a result of improving its market share. The company produces components for manufacturers in the engineering industry. In recent years, the company has developed many new products and currently has 40 items in its range compared to 24 only five years ago. Over the same five year period, the number of customers has fallen from twenty to nine, two of whom together account for 60% of the companys sales. Question: 7 A. (Covers some elements of assessment criteria 2.1 and getting merit D2)) Give your appraisal of the companys future, My personal opinion of Hall Faull Downes future is the we will see: #1 a decrease in profit over the next few years which will lead to the lowering the average of 3% growth per annum #2 the company will lose of its customer base over time therefore It will lose even more substantial market share #3 the company is in risk if both or one of the two customers that account for 60% of their business sales decided to pull out from trading with hall Faull Downes #4 the number of clients may continue to drop and we might see the business offer even more products in its range which could mean that the business may become non-specialized, finally the company could branch out from producing just components in the engineering industry. And if the business doesnt make some changes, it might run into major financial problems, which in this economy state could mean bankruptcy for Hall Faull Downed And suggest what it is probably doing wrong #1 the decreasing market share, Market share is the number one health indicator for your company. If it is flat or worse yet falling, you have a serious problem on your hands. So you need to develop techniques that can help you reverse this problem and ensure that this trend does not surprise your company again. #2 the increase in the range of products the company produce, While carrying a wide range of products may at first sound like a great idea because your business may appeal to a variety of customers, chances are this will backfire unless you have a business model that is designed to carry lots of products (think variety stores or stores such as Wal-Mart or Target). Most companies have specific business models when they are launched and if your business isnt designed or marketed to be non-specialized, carrying a wide range of products is likely going to have the opposite desired effect and put your business at a huge disadvantage. A business that attempts to sell a plethora of products is going to need a strategic plan to support the rationale for carrying a wide range of products. Most of the time, this reason doesnt exist. The reason for this is because by offering too large a variety of products, you eliminate the specialization factor and this is usually one of the best strategies to increase business and grow your customer base. A business that tries to gra

White Power :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  White supremecy is a current issue in society today. It takes place throughout the world and is a very serious thing. There are a lot of people who have revolted against these White Power groups. While trying to overthrow or supress the White Power groups, people may have been beaten or killed in some cases. There are a lot of these groups out there now with thousands of followers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some White Power groups are only in special areas. Some of these groups are non-violent and try to fight the government for there demands. One of these non-violent groups is W.A.R. W.A.R. is a group in Arkansas fighting the government for an all white city.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Awaken White Americans or our race, heritage, history, and the future of our white children will be forever lost.†(www.airnet.net/niterider) This message was written from a Klansman Anarchist unnamed in the W.A.R. group. The quote is trying to recrute new members and telling the people about there orginization. The statement also proves that in a suppressive government people proceed with agression towards others easily in a society that tries to preach peace, love, and harmony.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The other three big white Power Groups are the Nazi’s, Klu Klux Klan or KKK, and Skinheads. Nazism originated under Hitler’s rule in Germany they are striving to achieve the Arian race that is against everyone except white protestants. The KKK are a bunch of hicks with guns with a lot of followers, they are against all blacks and Mexicans. The skinhead groups always vary; most skinheads are satanists, punks, or anarchists they are mainly against the government, blacks, and Mexicans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nazi’s are the biggest hate groups in the whole world. They mainly still live in Germany and still persecute the Jewish people and any people who try to suppress them. The Nazi’s are the most dangerous group to oppose, they have about two million followers in there organization. They also have great numbers of people in the United states.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hate so cheap that even Jews are buying.† The quote is from the web site www.whitepride.net/home where you can buy Nazi music and flags. The site is trying to recrute new members to all of the White Power groups. The traditional clothes for Nazi’s were a brown coat brown pants and an armband with a swastika on it because it used to be good to expose you are a Nazi. Now the Nazi’s wear a camouflage or leather jacket, the leaders have hair, and the newer members have a shaved head and they wear Doc Martin black steel toed boots.

Separation of Powers

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Separation of Powers doctrine built into the Constitution. Discussion will cover the origins of the doctrine, the factors that made it attractive to the founding fathers, and the question of its usefulness in modern America. Political theorists as far back as Aristotle had discussed the merits of various forms of government. The point had been made over and over again that to have all governmental authority vested in a single person or organization is to make it easy for despots to seize power.The more a society and government aspires to democracy, broad-based suffrage, and respect for individual rights, the more it would need to disperse power over a number of institutions and officials. The theory was clear, but finding a practical way to apply it was not obvious. Congress under the Articles of Confederation had those aspirations, but found that the way it was attempting to disperse power instead produced paralysis.In fact, the American e xperience with the Confederation Congress gave the fledgling United States a set of positive reasons for wanting separation of powers, to go along with the negative reasons derived from colonial experience under the British Parliamentary system. There had once been a separation and balance of powers in the British system, at least for the upper classes. As long as the monarch and the House of Lords still had independent power and authority, they were able to counterbalance the House of Commons.But after the British Civil War, when Great Britain had the opportunity to experiment with being a republic, with unitary government, and even with military dictatorship, the Parliamentary system was fundamentally changed. The Restoration of Charles II did not reintroduce a balancing factor. Charles was perfectly clear that he reigned at the pleasure of Parliament. His unfortunate brother James did not understand this, and his obstinacy led directly to the Glorious Revolution: the day when Par liament simply had James arrested and exiled to France.One may suppose that what was most glorious about that revolution is that it was peaceful: not a shot was fired, no one was even injured. (That James later invaded northern Ireland with a French mercenary army is a different issue, most political theorists seem to think. ) Parliament next simply hired William of Orange and his bride-to-be, Princess Mary, as co-monarchs, and arranged the glorious spectacle of their arrival in London, royal wedding, and double coronation. It would next hire George I of the House of Hanover. It was this Parliament, whose authority was absolute, that governed the American colonies.Any law it passed was final; there was then no institution that could declare a law passed by Parliament to be ounconstitutional. o The only check on its authority was the will of the voters who elected the members of Parliament. This is a major reason why the American colonists made such an issue of their lack of represen tation in Parliament. The rhetoric against King George III in the Declaration of Independence is a vestige of British custom; it is Parliament that has committed all the outrageous acts agaainst the colonies, and it is Parliament that is being attacked.Americans generally fail to grasp how centralized power had become (and to some extent still is) in the British system. There were and are no state governments in the British system, not for the shires, and not for what had once been independent countries; there is only the national Parliament and tiny local governments at the town level. In the eighteenth century Parliament also wanted there to be no independent legislatures in the colonies, and felt free to override colonial legislative measures at its own pleasure.Of course, the colonial legislatures went ahead and acted independently in almost all local matters, but Parliament? s refusal to recognize their authority was another reason why the colonial legislators supported the Ame rican Rebellion, as the English called it. In the British Parliamentary system, there is also no distinction between legislative and executive powers. The Prime Minister is elected by the members of the majority party in Parliament, and thus becomes the head of government. The Prime Minister? s cabinet functions essentially as the standing Executive Committee of the Parliament.It is structurally impossible for the Prime Minister to have one policy and Parliament another. If a majority of members of Parliament disagree with the Prime Minister? s decisions, a vote of no confidence will immediately remove the Prime Minister from office and begin the process of setting up a new government, that is, a new Executive Committee. The British Parliament thus cannot be in a state of deadlock such as sometimes seems to paralyze the American government when the Democrats control Congress and the Republicans have the Presidency, or vice versa.However, there is also nothing in the British system t o keep Parliament from pursuing a disastrous policy, as it has in Northern Ireland, whenever its members are overcome by mob psychology. The unicameral Congress created by the Articles of Confederation resembled the British Parliament in not separating the legislative and executive powers. There was supposed to be a balance of power between the interests of the states represented in Congress, as well as between the state governments and the national government.However, what there was in practice was a neutralizing of power: opposing forces or concepts, when embodied in the same persons, instead of having their separate advocates, simply canceled each other out. It thus became clear that there were positive reasons for wanting separation of powers in a new form of American government. A legislature could do a better job of creating laws if it were not burdened with the task of overseeing their execution. Likewise, an executive branch could be more effective in carrying out laws if it s authority were independent of the legislative branch.Similarly, there had to be an independent judiciary that could rule on legality, not only of how laws were carried out, but also of the laws themselves, so that Parliament? s trick of passing laws that were unchallengable could not be repeated in the American system. The new American system could not have been unitary, because from the beginning it was clear that one of the structural problems that the new country faced was how to balance the authority of thirteen independent nation-states against the authority of the union that they were jointly creating.The Confederation Congress did not solve this problem because it did not grant enough authority to the central government. Powers that are not equal cannot be balanced, and so cannot be separated: the stronger will always tend to overcome the weaker. One lasting achievement of the Confederation Congress was its provision that every new state to be admitted to the union would ha ve to become fully self-sustaining as an independent nation-state before it could be admitted, so that all states within the union would deal with each other as equals.One brilliant provision of the new Constitution was the compromise that created a bicameral legislature. The Senate, where each state has two votes, recognizes the original autonomy of the states, whereas the House reflects the actual growth of the population. It was equally brilliant to provide that, whereas the authority of Congress came from the states, the authority of the President would come from the people of the whole union. Their powers would thus be equal, balanced, and separate.It is sometimes argued that American government would be more efficient, could solve problems more quickly, if there were less separation of powers, if the checks and balances did not slow the wheels of progress. It is not clear how governmental powers could be made less separate, since the principle has been woven so thoroughly into American government at every level. Aside from that, it seems unrealistic to suppose that the human frailties which called for the separation of powers when the Constitution was written have somehow been cured during the last two centuries.The checks and balances and separations of power in the American system have the overall net effect of forcing people to compromise, of preventing extremist approaches to social problems from gaining a foothold in government. It is sometimes thought that having Congress and the President be of different parties was intended to be one of the checks and balances in government. Not so: the plan was to have them be of the same party. It is also thought that the deadlocks that occur under these conditions are a problem that must be solved, for example, by having the President or a Premier be elected by the majority party in Congress.However, it is actually not obvious that there is any problem to be solved here at all. When the President is of the maj ority party in Congress, then the compromises that lead to a legislative bill being passed and signed are made between the liberal and conservative members of the majority party. When the President belongs to the minority party, then these compromises are made between the members of the two parties. Although it is commonly thought that Democrats are much more liberal than Republicans, in fact the spectra of liberal and conservative members in each of the two parties are almost identical. Europeans often comment that America is the only democracy governed by two moderate parties. ) There thus seems to be little objective reason for tampering with the current traditional system of separation of powers. Bibliography Eliot, Charles W. , ed. American Historical Documents, 1000-1904. The Harvard Classics, ed. Charles W. Eliot. New York: Collier, 1910. Bibliography Eliot, Charles W. , ed. American Historical Documents, 1000-1904. The Harvard Classics, ed. Charles W. Eliot. New York: Collie r, 1910. This valuable volume can be found in many libraries.It gives the texts (sometimes in translation) of important documents that are discussed more often than they are read. There is a freshness to read the Vinland documents and the words of Columbus and Vespucci first reporting their discoveries. It is informative to read the precise wording of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (the first written state constitution), of the Articles of Confederation, and of the 1794 Treaty with the Six Nations (of the League of the Iroquois). History should when possible be done with primary documents, of course; this volume makes some of them easier to find. Separation of Powers ‘The separation of powers, as usually understood, is not a concept to which the United Kingdom constitution adheres. ’ The doctrine of separation of powers was perhaps most thoroughly explained by the French Jurist Montesquieu (1989), who based his analysis on the British Constitution of the early 18th century. This essay will discuss the doctrine of separation of powers, its meaning and importance within the United Kingdom’s un-codified constitution. It will analyse the relationship between the Executive, Legislature and the Judiciary and how the United Kingdom does not strictly adhere to the doctrine. Montesquieu (1989) argued that to avoid tyranny, the three branches of Government, the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary should be separated as far as possible, and their relationship governed by ‘checks and balances’ (Montesquieu, 1989), Montesquieu (1989) described the divisions of political powers between the three branches and based this model on his perception of the British Constitutional System, a system which he perceived to be based on a separation of powers between King, Parliament and the law courts. Originally it was the Monarch who had all the power, however, it has now been transferred. The Legislature, or law making function, which covers actions such as the enactment of rules for society. The Executive, or law applying function, which covers actions taken to maintain or implement the law, defend the state, and conduct internal policies. Finally, the Judiciary, or law enforcing function, which is the determining of civil disputes and the punishing of criminals by deciding issues of fact and applying the law. These functions of Government should be carried out by separate persons, or bodies and that each branch should carry out its own function. For example, the Legislature should not judge nor should the Executive make laws. The Legislature, Executive and the Judiciary should also all have equal legal status so each could control the excessive use of power by another branch. The  British  Constitution  is fundamentally different to  the  US constitutional model and its fragmented structure. The  American model is a deliberately designed political body constructed with precision by  the  18th century ‘founding fathers' and maintained to  the  present day by an entrenched codified document. By contrast, the  British constitutional model has evolved and adapted over  the  centuries, deriving from statute law, customs and monarchical power among various sources. Such contrasting constitutional evolution has led to differing interpretations and applications  of  the  theory  of  the  separation  of powers. In essence,  the  separation  of  powers  within Britain's constitutional system tends to be far less explicit and somewhat blurred in comparison to  the  more rigid US system  of  government. Indeed, some would say that  the  basic principles  of  the  separation  of  powers  are not specifically adhered to within  the British political model. The  most obvious evidence  of  this is reflected in Britain's parliamentary system  of  government, as opposed to a presidential type in the  USA, where ‘the  assemblies and executives are formally independent  of  one another and separately elected'. In practice this means that in  the  USA the  President and members  of  the  legislature (Congress) are elected separately and occupy completely different political branches, whereas in  the  UK  the most senior elected members  of  Parliament also form  the  executive branch  of  government. This more fused political structure leads to a situation where the  Prime Minister and Cabinet (the  executive) are also elected members  of  Parliament (legislature), creating a scenario that conflicts with  the  essence  of the  separation  of  powers. The  British political system also had  the  historic position  of  Lord Chancellor possessing  the  greatest theoretical power, being part  of  the  executive (Cabinet), legislature (House  of  Lords) and  the  head  of  the  judiciary simultaneously. Such a concentration  of  power is broadly prohibited in  the  USA and other western democracies due to  the  nature  of  their codified constitutions. Such constitutional developments have led to  the  creation  of  political circumstances in  the  UK  whereby  the  executive has gradually come to dominate  the legislature, despite  the  British political tradition  of  sovereignty ostensibly residing in Parliament. This scenario has led to allegations  of  excessive power within  the  executive and  of  an ‘elective dictatorship', with ‘public policy originating in cabinet and being presented to a party-dominated House  of Commons'. In such an environment, a government with a significant parliamentary majority, e. g. Labour since 1997, can maintain control  of  both  the executive and  the  legislature, with Parliament becoming a mere ‘rubber-stamp'  of  approval in  the  process  of  creating legislation. The  judiciary, symbolized by  the  role  of  the  Lord Chancellor who is a member  of  the  ruling party, has over  the  years appeared to have been manipulated by  the  governing regime in a way that  the  US Supreme Court could never be. Such trends  of  excessive executive power have been exacerbated by dominant Prime Ministers such as Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair. However, in recent years  the  British government appears to have accepted this constitutional imbalance and has taken specific measures to enhance its version  of  the  separation  of  powers, addressing its rough edges and tackling some  of  the  growing criticisms  of  executive dominance that has been a consequence  of  the  UK's constitutional development. This process has been evident in a number  of  key constitutional reforms, starting with  the  Human Rights Act  of  1998, a piece  of  legislation that has created more explicit safeguards concerning  the  distribution  of  political power within  the  UK. In particular it appears to have provided additional  powers  to  the  branch  of  government that is often overshadowed within  the  UK's political system, namely the  judiciary. This Act has subsequently enforced  the  need for British law-makers to strictly adhere to  the  principles  of  human rights when passing legislation in order to remove  the  prospects  of  legal challenges at a later stage. After this Act was passed, one  of  the  most prominent judicial challenges under human rights legislation occurred in December 2004, when  the  Law Lords declared that  the  detention  of  eight terrorist suspects without trial at Belmarsh Prison was in conflict with  the  suspects' human rights. In practice, as evident in  the  Belmarsh case, it means that legislation that derives from Parliament, under  the control  of  the  executive, can now be more closely scrutinised and challenged by  the  judiciary, bolstered by an enhanced human rights framework. In this context, Parliament: ‘retains its sovereign status†¦.. if  the  courts cannot reconcile an Act  of  Parliament with  the  European Convention on Human Rights, they do not have  the power to override†¦.. that legislation†¦.. (but)  the  courts can declare  the  legislation incompatible with  the  European Convention on Human Rights and return  the  Act to Parliament for revision' . Thus, a clearer  separation  of  powers  now appears to be in place as a result  of  the  Human Rights Act. However, while  the  Act does provide added powers  of  judicial scrutiny over  the  executive and legislative branches in their law-making role, Parliament retains ultimate sovereignty and can change the  law as it wishes, in spite  of  judicial criticism. In terms  of  ignoring such judicial interventions, any government would probably cause itself considerable political damage in doing so, but it has  the  right to do so nevertheless. In this respect,  the  UK  Human Rights Act is not as robust in preserving fragmented government and civil liberties as  the  US Bill  of  Rights is, which it has been compared to. Indeed,  the  current British Conservative opposition has even talked  of  abolishing this legislation, and this would have implications for tackling  the  effectiveness  of  the  separation  of  in  the  UK. Britain modernised its constitutional model with further legislative and institutional reforms such as  the  Constitutional Reform Act (2005). A key element  of  this Act was  the  creation  of  a Judicial Appointments Committee that limited executive patronage in appointing  the judiciary, as well as a British Supreme Court, reflecting a more explicit  separation  of  judicial. This new court has replaced  the  Law Lords as  the  highest Court  of  Appeal in  the  UK. The  Law Lords have in many ways symbolised  the  blurring  of  the  branches  of government in  the  UK, with their dual role as interpreters  of  the  law on behalf  of  the  judiciary, but also as law-makers due to their membership  of  the House  of  Lords. This Act also significantly reduced  the powers of  the  Lord Chancellor, formerly  the  most powerful position in British politics with a foothold in all government branches. The  Law Lords and Lord Chancellor were increasingly viewed as nachronisms within  the  UK  political system and subsequently deemed to be in need  of  significant reform as part  of  the  process  of  refreshing Britain's implementation  of  the  separation  of  theory. a In conclusion, it is recognised that certain degree of power and functions between the three organ s do overlap, which suggest that although each organ functions within its own sphere, none is supreme. The sphere of power conceded to Parliament to enact law to regulate its own procedure is a clear example of the existence of Separation of Power. Therefore, the doctrine of Separation of Power is deemed to be a rule of political wisdom.